Photovoltaic Mounting System with Locking Connectors, Adjustable Rail Height and Hinge Lock

ABSTRACT

A cam-actuated connection device joins rail mounting members of a photovoltaic panel array. The connection device slides within channels of mounting members until the members are in a properly positioned grid. When in position, the connection device is rotated to lock the mounting members in a rigid grid network. The connecting device can be subsequently loosened, repositioned and locked into position. The rail-mounting members create a grid for installation of multiple PV panels. The mounting rail allows the unit to remain relatively compact in nature but still covers a wide range of PV panel thicknesses. The rail system has a hinged connection with the mounting rail that allows an installer to assemble the module in a near perpendicular fashion to the mounting rail, make the required electrical connections and then lower the PV module into its working position. The unit is then locked into its working position.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/054,296 filed May 19, 2008, and U.S. Provisional Application No.61/090,055 filed Aug. 19, 2008, both of which are incorporated herein byreference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

(Not Applicable) cl REFERENCE TO AN APPENDIX

(Not Applicable)

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field Of The Invention

This invention relates generally to the mounting of photovoltaic panelson rooftops and other structures, and more particularly to hardware tofacilitate the mounting of the panels.

2. Description Of The Related Art

Photovoltaic (herein, “PV”) mounting grids are commonly used to mount PVpanel arrays to building structures, ground mounted systems and a largevariety of alternate configurations. In one common configuration, a railand a cleat are mounted, for example to a rooftop of a home, and thepanel arrays are mounted thereto.

In general the PV industry is accustomed to mounting each rail and cleatindividually using various mechanical fasteners such as nuts, bolts andwashers. Each connection point is carefully measured and set in placeand manually tightened, typically using common tools such as wrenches,sockets, ratchets and screwdrivers. The conventional methods ofinstallation generally consume many man-hours of installation labor andmust be placed in precise locations to accommodate the specific PVpanels supplied for the installation. This is a project that requiressignificant skill and precision.

If it becomes desirable or economical to replace the existing PV panelswith a more technologically advanced system, the existing grid mountmust, in general, be removed. This is either done in part or in whole toaccommodate the newer panels. This operation in general will take aslong as or longer than the original installation when conventionalmounting systems are used. The need exists for an improved PV mountingsystem.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The apparatuses and methods disclosed herein are more cost-effectivemeans and method of installing PV panel arrays. The present inventionincludes a cam-actuated connector to fasten perpendicular mountingcomponents used to install PV panels, and a PV panel mounting rail thatallows slide-in or drop-in installation and equalized clamping actionfor securing the PV panels in place. A parallel grid formed by themounting rails and cam connectors in turn allows the PV panels to beslid or dropped into position while being electrically connected as theyare installed.

In the absence of bolts, nuts and other standard fasteners, thecam-actuated device is inserted in two crossing frame members duringinstallation of a photovoltaic system. The photovoltaic mounting systemin general consists of an extruded beam member mounted in line with theroof, ground support member and/or rafter. The system also includes anextruded perpendicular crossing member, but could be mounted at variousangles other than perpendicular. The crossing joint is locked in tensionusing the cam-actuated connector. Multiple crossing extrusions andconnectors make up a complete mounting grid. The mounting grid in turnsupports a plurality of photovoltaic panels, which are conventional andwidely known.

The apparatus provides quick and secure connections that, during theprocess of connecting the mounting grid components, allow the installerto expedite the assembly of the PV panel mounting structure. The camconnector allows the installer the flexibility to position andreposition the grid as needed to achieve the final mountingconfiguration quickly. When the frame is determined to be in the properposition, the cam connector is easily turned to lock it in the finaltensioned position. This and other unique design features of thecam-actuated connector and equalized clamping action rail member systemare estimated to reduce installation time by up to 60 percent overconventional practices. The invention also provides a self-lockingfeature that, while being tightened into its working condition, allowsthe split inner barrel of the cam actuator to tighten in a manner thatforces the cam surfaces into opposite direction, thereby firmly lockingthe device in position.

The time saving aspects of the invention are many. Primary among them isthe ability for individual connectors to be attached in a series ofchained connectors using a common tightening device such as a tensioningjack or cam arm. In addition, the ability of the cam connector to beremoved, repositioned and reconnected many times over the life of thephotovoltaic system uniquely suits the system for future PVenhancements. With advancements in photovoltaic efficiency, thiscapability allows panels to be replaced with new panels that may or maynot be of the same physical size. The cam-actuated fasteners are easilyloosened, repositioned and retightened in accordance with therequirements of the new photovoltaic array. There is no limit to thenumber of this type of system change.

This invention is generally intended for use with sloped roof mount andground-mounted photovoltaic systems, but it may also be applied to anyother form of PV installation including, but not limited to, pole mount,wall mount, flat roof and automatic sun tracking systems. Thecam-actuated attachment device may be used with several versions ofcommercially available extrusions as well as proprietary extrudedsections. The cam-actuated fastener may also be used with fabricatedframeworks.

A further understanding of the unique mounting system can be gained byenvisioning the extruded, equalized clamping-action mounting rail as asystem of generally parallel elevated channels. The channels include anextruded assembly with multiple components linked in a manner thatallows for uniform clamping across the entire PV array. The lowerextrusion comprises the basic mounting support for the PV panel frames.Extrusions may be of various sizes and shapes but in general provide aledge for the panel frame to rest, one panel frame on each side, withone ledge providing the lower support for one row of panels while theopposite ledge provides support for the adjacent row, if present.

An upper clamping cap component is maintained in a parallel fashion tothe lower ledge base extrusion. The parallel orientation of the capmember is maintained by an integral linkage mechanism, which may be aset of links or cam members. The movement of the parallel linkagethereby pivots the clamping cap to allow a wider space between the capand ledge base member or to provide a closer proximity between the capand ledge. The linkage preferably works in synchronous order to imposeuniform clamping action along the entire row of PV panels. The capmember is a loose piece with a single or multiple tracks that engagewith the mating cap mounting section that has multiple tracks to holdthe cap member at various distances with respect to the mounting ledge.The cap member may be removed by sliding in a parallel (horizontal)relation to the mounting rail to allow the PV modules to be placed inposition from above the rail. After the PV modules are installed, thecap member is moved back into position at the desired gap spacing.

A single actuator located near the end of each of the mounting railsgenerates the required force to pull the clamping cap and linkage intothe desired clamped position once the PV panels have been installed. Thesingle actuator is referred to as a “jack” because it applies alongitudinal force. The jack is preferably a threaded mechanism thatwill be actuated with a tool such as a wrench or ratchet/socketcombination. In various arrangements the jack may also be moved intoposition by hand using a lever or a handle. The jack mechanism may alsobe a cam-type lever that pulls the cap and linkage into its clampedposition.

A departure from the above-mentioned mounting rail is an alternativerail mounting extrusion designed to create a removable hinged connectionbetween the rail and the mating extrusion that is affixed to, orextruded into, the PV module frame. The male/female connection allowsthe PV module to be inserted into the mounting rail track in a nearperpendicular position allowing the wire leads affixed to the backs ofeach PV module to be interconnected. This then allows the modules to belowered into their working position. Once the PV modules are loweredinto their working position they are locked into position with afastener such as a screw or another extrusion that slides into themounting rail for positively locking the entire row of PV modules inposition.

It is to be noted that the mounting rail assemblies mentioned in thisdisclosure have been described as being made of extruded members,preferably aluminum. Each can equally be made from fabricated members ofvarious materials, including, but not limited to, stainless steel,plastics, composite and other suitable materials. Similarly, themounting rail assemblies can be extruded, but could also be formed usingother forming processes, including, but not limited to, pultrusion,casting and drawing.

The described fastening mounting rails and clamping PV panels forms amounting system that when used as a complete system allows for acost-effective and labor-reducing installation package.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view in perspective illustrating an example of aprior art roof-mounted photovoltaic installation grid applicationfollowing the current industry standard.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view in perspective illustrating an embodiment ofthe present invention in an operable configuration.

FIG. 3 is a view in perspective illustrating a grid connector inaccordance with the present invention mounted between grid crossingmembers.

FIG. 4 is a view in perspective illustrating one embodiment of a gridconnector utilizing threaded connections to facilitate a cam tighteningactuation.

FIG. 5 a is a view in perspective illustrating another embodiment of agrid connector utilizing a slotted support body to provide the desiredcam clamping action.

FIG. 5 b is a side view in section through the embodiment of FIG. 5 a.

FIG. 6 is a view in perspective illustrating another embodiment of agrid connector having a multiple part cam actuator with dual cams thatare forced outward using a rotating barrel.

FIG. 7 is a view in perspective illustrating another embodiment of agrid connector having a multiple part cam actuator with a single camthat is forced outward using a rotating barrel.

FIG. 8 is a view in perspective illustrating an alternative embodimentin which the tightening rotation is forced around the horizontal axis.

FIG. 9 is a view in perspective illustrating an alternative gridconnector having a spiral cam action between the main support body andthe outer body to create a clamping force with relation to a center pin.

FIG. 10 a is a side view in section illustrating the embodiment of FIG.9 in a loosened configuration.

FIG. 10 b is a side view in section illustrating the embodiment of FIG.9 in a tightened configuration.

FIG. 11 a is an end view illustrating a preferred mounting rail assemblyin a first position due to a first panel thickness.

FIG. 11 b is an end view illustrating a preferred mounting rail assemblyin a second position due to second, thicker panel thickness.

FIG. 11 c is an end view illustrating a preferred mounting rail assemblyin a third position due to a third, still thicker panel thickness.

FIG. 12 a is a bottom view illustrating a unique clamping cap.

FIG. 12 b′ is an end view illustrating the clamping cap of FIG. 12 a.

FIG. 12 b″ is a side view in section illustrating the clamping cap ofFIG. 12 a in which connecting links control the parallel motion andclamping force of the cap.

FIG. 12 c is a side view in section illustrating a magnified view of theembodiment shown in FIG. 12 b″.

FIG. 12 d is an end view in section of the embodiment shown in FIG. 12c.

FIG. 13 a is a bottom view illustrating the clamping cap of FIG. 12 a.

FIG. 13 b is a side view in section illustrating the embodiment of FIG.13 a in which the unique clamping cap is controlled by use of cam slotsand cam follower devices to control the parallel motion and clampingforce.

FIG. 14 a is a side view in section illustrating a device for joiningsections of clamp cap.

FIG. 14 b is a bottom view illustrating the embodiment of FIG. 14 a.

FIG. 14 c is a magnified side view of the illustration of FIG. 14 a.

FIG. 14 d is a magnified side view of the illustration of FIG. 14 ashowing an alternative tensioning joint connector assembly to thatillustrated in FIG. 14 c.

FIG. 15 is a side view illustrating a top cap rail of the embodiment ofFIGS. 11 a-11 c being slidingly inserted into the mating cap retainer.

FIG. 16 a is a view in perspective illustrating a prior art photovoltaicpanel encased on all four sides with an aluminum extruded frame.

FIG. 16 b is an end view in section illustrating the embodiment of FIG.16 a.

FIG. 17 is an end view in section illustrating a photovoltaic modulewith an improved exterior extrusion that includes an extruded attachmentlip to assist in mounting.

FIG. 18 a is a view in perspective illustrating an alternative mountingof a PV module using an attachment lip as shown in FIG. 17.

FIG. 18 b is a schematic end view illustrating the attachment lip asshown in FIG. 18 a in the initial insertion stage with the PV moduleinserted into the mating mounting rail.

FIG. 19 is an end view in section illustrating a PV module in theworking position and locked into position after insertion into theembodiment shown in FIGS. 18 a and 18 b.

FIG. 20 is an end view in section illustrating a photovoltaic modulewith an alternative exterior extrusion that includes an extrudedattachment lip to assist in mounting.

FIG. 21 is an end view in section illustrating a photovoltaic modulewith an alternative exterior extrusion that includes an extrudedattachment lip to assist in mounting.

FIG. 22 is an end view in section illustrating a photovoltaic modulewith an alternative exterior extrusion that includes an extrudedattachment lip to assist in mounting.

In describing the preferred embodiment of the invention which isillustrated in the drawings, specific terminology will be resorted tofor the sake of clarity. However, it is not intended that the inventionbe limited to the specific term so selected and it is to be understoodthat each specific term includes all technical equivalents which operatein a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. For example, theword connected or terms similar thereto are often used. They are notlimited to direct connection, but include connection through otherelements where such connection is recognized as being equivalent bythose skilled in the art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIG. 1, a portion of a conventional residential roofstructure 1 is shown, and presents a common mounting medium for whichthe present invention is particularly suited. The portion shown in FIG.1 is typical of a residential roof structure, having support beams overwhich one or more weatherproof sheets is attached, such as plywood andshingles. Of course, the roof structure 1 is merely one example of astructure to which the present invention can be mounted, as will beunderstood by the person having ordinary skill in the design andinstallation of photovoltaic electrical systems. The residential roofstructure 1 is described herein, but it will be understood by the personof ordinary skill that other structures can be substituted for thestructure 1, including without limitation a commercial, institutional oragricultural roof structure, a planar structure built specifically tosupport a PV array, a wall or ground-mounted area, or any other stable,fixed structure.

The drawing of FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional PV array using thefastening means conventionally known. The roof structure 1 has severallayers, which include support structures and sealing materials such aslumber, tarpaper and shingles or metal sheeting or other roofingmaterials, which are conventional and not critical for the operation ofthe invention. Trusses or rafters 2, which are common in residentialconstruction, provide structural support to the roof structure 1. Therafters 2 are the primary attachment member to which a typicalconventional PV array is mounted, and the invention is no exception.

A conventional installation on the roof structure 1 utilizes mountingbrackets, such as the L-shaped “angles” 3, the mounting channels 4, orboth, to attach to the roof structure 1 and present an interface towhich other portions of the mounting apparatus attach. The angles 3 andchannels 4 are preferably attached to the rafters using a combination oflag screws and washers, the combination given reference numeral 5 inFIG. 1. As will be understood from the description, other fasteners,such as nails, rivets and/or adhesives, can be used instead of, or inaddition to, the lag screws and washers 5.

The angles 3 and channels 4 are located on the upwardly facing surfaceof the roof and, if the roof is angled from horizontal, preferablyextend along the roof structure 1 aligned with the vertical component ofthe slanted roof. Each of the angles 3 and channels 4 is preferablyaligned parallel to, and directly above, a corresponding one of therafters 2. During installation, the angles 3 and channels 4 arepreferably attached to the roof structure 1 in aligned rows using thelag screw assemblies 5, and the rows are spaced apart to accommodate thewidth and/or length of the PV panel 10 (described below). A plurality ofthe angles 3 and channels 4 are spaced along the roof structure 1 asrequired to support the specified PV array. In a preferred embodiment,holes are drilled in a conventional manner through the roof structure 1,as needed, and the bolts are inserted therein in a conventional manner.The penetrations through the roof structure 1 are preferably sealed fromleakage with a conventional and suitable sealing caulk, either prior to,or after, insertion of the bolts.

With the roof mounting hardware (the angles 3 and channels 4) in placeon the roof, the base support members 7 are then attached to themounting angles 3 using a hardware assembly 6, which is a combinationmounting bolt, nut and washer. Each hardware assembly 6 is individuallyinserted and tightened so as to rigidly fasten the base support members7 to the angles 3. The base support members 7, which are preferablyextruded aluminum beams, are aligned transverse, and preferablyperpendicular, to the channels 4. Once all the mounting bases 7 arefastened to the mounting angles 3, the PV panels 10 are individuallyplaced in position and wired electrically to a known, conventionalelectrical system (not illustrated) for a PV array. Once each row of PVpanels 10 is installed, a top securing member 8 is attached to the upperedge of the base support members 7 using a plurality of bolt and washerassemblies 9. Each sequential row of PV panels 10 is installed in asimilar manner.

FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the present invention that demonstratesthe unique ability of the inventive mounting system to simplify andexpedite mounting of a PV array. The FIG. 2 structure is shown mountedto the same roof structure 1 as depicted in the prior art system ofFIG. 1. In the preferred embodiment, attachment to the rafters 2 is madeby aligning a full length mounting channel 18, or multiple shortermounting channels, aligned with a corresponding rafter 2 and attachingto the rafter 2 using a plurality of lag screw assemblies 5, or anyknown substitute as in the prior art described in relation to FIG. 1. Aplurality of the mounting channels 18 are spaced across the roofstructure 1 according to the required load calculations in much the samemanner as the channels 4 of the FIG. 1 structure. In most applications,this will require fewer attachments than the conventional means, becauseweight (load) is generally spread in a more even manner with themounting channels 18. The mounting channels 18 are preferably aluminumextrusions having a lip (see FIG. 3) extending laterally from one sideof the structure through which a lag bolt can be extended after a holeis drilled. Additionally, an upwardly facing groove is formed betweentwo uprights with inwardly extending lips that form a shape that isadvantageous for attachment of grid connectors 20. The inwardlyextending lips resist the upward withdrawal of clamp bases (describedbelow) inserted into the end of the channel.

After the mounting channels 18 are mounted to the roof, a plurality ofgrid connectors 20 are inserted into the upwardly facing grooves in themounting channels 18. The quantity of connectors 20 matches the numberof connecting joints created by the crossing mounting rail assemblies19, which are described below. A similar, downwardly facing groove inthe mounting rail assembly 19 is next slid onto the grid connectors 20across the roof structure 1, preferably substantially perpendicular tothe mounting channels 18 as shown in FIG. 2. The interaction between thegrid connectors 20 and the mounting channels 18 and the mounting railassembly 19 is described in greater detail below. In summary, thechannels 18 mount to the roofing structure 1, and the mounting railassemblies 19 mount to the PV array, and the connectors 20 mount thechannels 18 and 19 together.

Once the mounting rail assemblies 19 are in the proper location relativeto the mounting channels 18, the grid connectors 20 are locked inposition by rotating the main bodies of each about their rotational axes21 as described in more detail below. This locks the grid connectors 20to both the mounting channels 18 and the mounting rail assemblies 19.With the PV panels 10 assembled in position as shown in FIG. 2, theinstaller tightens the mounting rail assembly 19 to the PV panels asexplained later in this description, and electrically connects thepanels to an electrical management system that is conventional.

FIG. 3 shows a closer view of the grid connector 20 as it appears in itsinstalled and locked condition. The mounting channel 18 and mountingrail assembly 19, shown in simplified form (and with only a shortsection of each), are situated in a substantially perpendicularrelationship with one another as shown. With slight variations to thepreferred embodiment of the invention, the mounting channel 18 andmounting rail assembly 19 can be located in any degree of rotationalrelation about the axis of the grid connector to accommodate PV panelsof various shapes. This will become apparent from the more completedescription of the invention below.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the inventive grid connector 20 in moredetail. In this embodiment, the grid connector 20 has a rotating body 11with a slotted notch 11 a within the rotating body 11. The right-handthreaded stud 12 and the left-hand threaded stud 13 are rigidly mountedto the rotating body 11, preferably by welding, friction fit (press fit)or by machining the body 11 and studs 12 and 13 from a single piece ofmaterial, such as aluminum or stainless steel. The studs 12 and 13preferably have oppositely-directed threads (not shown), as indicated bythe names of the studs 12 and 13, formed in the sidewalls thereof. Thethreads permit the corresponding right hand threaded clamp base 14 andleft hand threaded clamp base 15 to be mounted to the studs 12 and 13,respectively, by inserting the studs 12 and 13 into collinear,cooperatively threaded bores formed in the ends of the clamp bases 14and 15 and rotating the clamp bases 14 and 15 in the manner of a nut ona bolt shaft. The clamp bases 14 and 15 thus have the ability to rotatein a tightening or loosening direction as the rotating body 11, and thusthe attached studs 12 and 13, are rotated about the rotational axis 21relative to the clamp bases 14 and 15.

During installation, the clamp bases 14 and 15 are mounted to the studs12 and 13, as shown in FIG. 4, and are inserted into corresponding slotsor grooves in the roof mounting channel 18 and the mounting railassembly 19 as described in relation to FIG. 2 above. The slots arepreferably slightly wider than the sides of the clamp bases 14 and 15,and thereby prevent rotation of the clamp bases 14 and 15 in the slots.The slots also have inwardly facing lips (described above) that preventwithdrawal of the clamp bases 14 and 15 other than through the ends ofthe slots or grooves. During initial insertion, the clamp bases 14 and15 are spaced far enough from the facing surfaces of the rotating body11 that there is a gap in which the inwardly facing lips slide. Thus, nosubstantial resistance to movement of the connector 20 is encounteredduring insertion into the channel 18 and assembly 19. The channel 18 andassembly 19 are inserted in these gaps between the body 11 and the clampbases 14 and 15, which gaps are slightly larger than necessary to permitmovement of the clamp bases 14 and 15.

Once in position on the channel 18 and the assembly 19, the connectors20 are clamped to the channel 18 and assembly 19 by rotation of the body11. The clamping action can be accomplished in a first method byseparately rotating the body 11 of each connector 20 about therotational axis 21 using a tool, such as a wrench. During rotation, theaxis 21 remains essentially immobile while the clamp bases 14 and 15 aremaintained in the channel 18 and the perpendicular assembly 19. Duringrotation of the body 11 in one direction, the bases 14 and 15 aredisplaced toward the body 11 along the studs 12 and 13 by theinteraction of the oppositely-directed threads of the studs 12 and 13and the bases 14 and 15. During rotation in the opposite direction, theclamp bases 14 and 15 are displaced away from the body 11. When thebases 14 and 15 are displaced sufficiently toward the body 11, the gapsformed between the bases 14 and 15 and the body 11 become small enoughthat the inwardly facing lips of the channel 18 and assembly 19 aretightly clamped in the gaps. In the first method, each connector 20 hasits body 11 rotated sufficiently to reduce the gaps to form a tightengagement.

The second method of tightening is accomplished similarly by rotatingthe body 11, but instead of each body 11 being rotated separately, alinkage 16, such as a rod, connects multiple grid connectors 20 inseries so that they can be rotated simultaneously by movement of thelinkage 16. The linkage 16 is mounted in the notch 11 a of the rotatingbody 11 and pivotably mounts to a connecting pin 17 that is rigidlymounted into the sidewalls on opposite sides of the notch 11 a. The gridconnector 20 is thus driven during the second method into the tightenedcondition (described above in association with the first method) byapplying a longitudinal force to at least one end of the linkage 16.This force displaces the linkage 16 longitudinally, and thereby causesthe body 11, and the connected threaded studs 12 and 13, to rotatewithin the clamp bases 14 and 15 around the rotational axis 21 as withthe first method. This rotation causes the grid connector 20 to tightendue to the oppositely-directed threads at opposite ends of the body 11,effectively drawing the clamp bases 14 and 15 toward the rotating body11 simultaneously into a clamping configuration.

FIG. 5 a shows an alternative embodiment of the grid connector assembly20. In this embodiment, the grid connector 20 is made up of a cam barrel22 with cam slots 22 a and 22 b that face in opposite directions fromthe outer surface of the barrel 22, and have slot-defining sidewallsthat are angled oppositely to one another, in the manner ofoppositely-directed threads. Thus, the slot 22 a has an angle from theaxis 21 of a left-hand thread, and the slot 22 b has an angle from theaxis 21 of a right-hand thread. The cam slots 22 a and 22 b are thusangled slightly from perpendicular to the axis 21, but are transverse toone another. The cam slots 22 a and 22 b can be located on the same sideof the rotating barrel 22, as will be understood from the descriptionherein, but for practical reasons preferably oppose one another.

The clamping mechanism of FIG. 5 a, which is shown in more detail inFIG. 5 b as located in the center of the rotating barrel 22, includesdual draw pins 23 b and 23 c that are slidably and rotatably mounted inthe circular cylindrical bore of the barrel 22, which bore and pins arecoaxial with the axis 21. The draw bases 24 b and 24 c are rigidlymounted to the ends of the draw pins 23 b and 23 c, respectively.

Each of the draw pins 23 b and 23 c has a circular cylindrical, radiallyoutwardly facing surface and, at the end closest to the other pin, aflat surface that is preferably aligned along the axis 21 (both flatsurfaces are shown abutting one another at the interface 23 a in thesection view of FIG. 5 b). The flat surfaces prevent rotation of one pinrelative to the other pin. Each flat surface is preferably formed byremoving substantially one half of the diameter of the pin along afraction of the length of that pin. Thus, the flat surface of one pinabuts the flat surface of the other pin to prevent rotation of the pinsrelative to one another, while still permitting sliding movement of onepin relative to the other by sliding movement of the flat surfaces asthe pins move along the axis 21. Of course, a larger portion of thediameter of one pin portion and a correspondingly smaller portion of thediameter of the other pin portion could be removed while accomplishingthe same purpose.

As best shown in FIG. 5 a, a cam lever 25 b extends from the draw pin 23b into the cam slot 22 a, and an identical cam lever 25 c extends fromthe draw pin 23 c into the cam slot 22 b. The cam levers 25 b and 25 cpreferably extend substantially perpendicularly from the draw pins intothe cam slots 22 a and 22 b, and have a diameter slightly less than thewidth of the cam slots 22 a and 22 b so the cam levers 25 b and 25 c canslide freely in the cam slots.

Rotation of the draw pins relative to the barrel 22 causes the camlevers to follow the sidewalls defining the cam slots 22 a and 22 b,thereby moving the draw pins 23 b and 23 c longitudinally relative tothe barrel 22.

When the connector 20 of FIGS. 5 a and 5 b is installed within themounting slots of the mounting channel 18 and mounting rail assembly 19,as described above in relation to the description of FIGS. 2 and 3, thebarrel 22 can be rotated, such as with a wrench or with the rotationlever 26. During rotation of the barrel 22 about the axis 21, the drawpins 23 b and 23 c, and their attached draw bases 24 b and 24 c, remainfixed in position relative to the channel 18 and assembly 19 due to therectangular faces of the draw bases 24 b and 24 c abutting against theinner surfaces of the channel 18 and assembly 19 (as with the draw bases14 and 15 of the embodiment of FIG. 4). The barrel 22, along with itscam slots 22 a and 22 b, rotates relative to the draw pins and theirextending cam levers 25 b and 25 c. The cam levers 25 b and 25 c followthe cam slots 22 a and 22 b during rotation of the barrel 22, therebydisplacing the draw pins 23 b and 23 c longitudinally along the bore ofthe barrel 22 due to the oppositely directed angles of the sidewallsdefining the cam slots 22 a and 22 b and the force each of the sidewallsapplies to the cam levers during rotation. The connector 20 is shown inFIG. 5 b with the draw pins 23 b and 23 c at almost their extremelongitudinally inward location, in which the inwardly facing lips of thechannel 18 and assembly 19 (not shown in FIG. 5 b) are clamped betweenthe draw bases 24 b and 24 c and the ends of the barrel 22. By rotatingthe barrel 22 from the position shown in FIG. 5 b, the draw pins 23 band 23 c are driven away from one another to increase the gaps andthereby release the channel 18 and assembly 19.

The rotation lever 26 extends from the cam barrel 22 to enable a personto turn the cam barrel 22 about its rotational axis 21 without aseparate wrench as would otherwise be needed to apply sufficient torquethereto. The rotation lever 26 may also be used to connect adjacent gridconnectors 20 in series for single point tightening as described abovein relation to the FIG. 4 embodiment. The grid connector 20 of FIGS. 5 aand 5 b can also be used without the rotating lever 26 and can be turnedinto a tightened condition with common tools such as a wrench or pliers.

FIG. 6 shows another alternative embodiment of the grid connector 20.Dual cam bodies 27 c and 27 d having an annular configuration with acentral orifice. The opposite ends of a clamp pin 28 are inserted intothe central orifices of the cam bodies 27 c and 27 d, and the axis 21 ofthe pin 28 is coaxial with the axes of the central orifices of the cambodies 27 c and 27 d.

The connector pin 31 extends through the cam body 27 d and into alongitudinal slot 31 a formed in the clamp pin 28. An identicalconnector pin (not shown) extends through the cam body 27 c and into anidentical longitudinal slot in the opposite end of the clamp pin 28. Therelationships between the central apertures of the cam bodies 27 c and27 d, the clamp pin 28 and the connector pins 31 (and its identicaltwin, not shown) prevents rotational and/or radial movement of the cambodies 27 c and 27 d relative to the clamp pin 28. This relationshipalso limits relative axial movement of the cam bodies 27 c and 27 drelative to the clamp pin 28, while permitting sufficient axial movementto clamp and unclamp the channel 18 and assembly 19 into which the endsof the pin 28 are inserted. The clamp pin 28 has perpendicular faces 28a and 28 b to form a head that is wider at the ends of the pin 28 thanat the perpendicular faces 28 a and 28 b. The faces 28 a and 28 b areinserted into the slots of the mounting channel 18 and mounting railassembly 19 between the inwardly facing lips as described above inrelation the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3. The thickness of the pin atthe faces 28 a and 28 b is slightly smaller than the distance betweenthe inwardly facing lips. The heads on the ends of the pin 28 define agap between the heads and the axially outwardly facing surfaces of thecam bodies 27 c and 27 d.

An actuating lever 30 is rigidly mounted to the barrel 29 that isinterposed between the cam bodies 27 c and 27 d. The barrel 29 isslidably mounted against the downwardly facing, angled cam faces 27 aand 27 b, as well as the upwardly facing, angled cam faces 27 e and 27f, as shown in FIG. 6. When turned about the rotational axis 21 relativeto the pin 28 and the cam bodies 27 c and 27 d, the lever 30 drives thebarrel from the deepest region of the angled faces 27 a, 27 b, 27 e and27 f (in the position shown in FIG. 6) to a less deep region, therebysliding, and exerting opposite longitudinal forces, against the camfaces 27 a, 27 b, 27 e and 27 f. These forces in turn displace the cambodies 27 c and 27 d toward the opposite ends of the pin 28, and therebydecrease the gaps in which the inwardly facing lips of the channel 18and assembly 19 are interposed. This provides the locking force for thegrid connector 20 to clamp to both the channel 18 and the assembly 19.

The grid connector 20 of FIG. 6 is held in the locked position with alock pin 32 that contacts, and prevents rotation of, the barrel 29, oranother means of preventing rotation. The actuating lever 30 is providedfor rotating the actuating barrel 29 individually, or to connect gridconnectors 20 in series and rotate them simultaneously.

FIG. 7 shows an alternative embodiment of the grid connector 20 that isvery similar to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6. The FIG. 7embodiment has a single cam body 33 used in conjunction with a flat disk34 as the opposing face for the barrel 29, and the cam body 33 hassteeper cam surfaces 33 a than in the FIG. 6 embodiment. The steeper camsurfaces 33 a provide for similar longitudinal movement of the cam body33 and the flat disk 34, but accomplishes this with sloped surfaces ononly one of the two moving structures.

FIG. 8 shows another alternative embodiment that demonstrates theability of the invention to be altered as to the manner by which thetightening cam is rotated to achieve a locking condition. In the FIG. 8embodiment, the grid connector 20 has an oblong or oval-shaped cambarrel 52 with a slot 52 a formed through its mid-section through whichthe clamp pin 28 is inserted. The cam barrel 52 is rotatably mounted tothe clamp pin 28 by an axle 53 that extends longitudinally through thebarrel 52 and transversely through the pin 28. The flat, annular disks34 are positioned with the opposite ends of the clamp pin 28 inserted inthe central orifices of the disks 34. The disks 34 are prohibited frommoving radially or rotationally, and are limited to moving axially alonga predetermined, limited path, relative to the pin 28 by the connectorpins 31. As with the cam bodies 27 c and 27 d of the FIG. 6 embodiment,the flat disks 34 have enough axial movement to clamp and unclamp thechannel 18 and assembly 19. The clamp pin 28 is provided withperpendicular faces 28 a and 28 b that engage the slots of the mountingchannel 18 and mounting rail assembly 19, respectively, as in theembodiment described in relation to FIG. 6.

The tightening force applied to the connector 20 can be applied with atool, such as a wrench or socket and ratchet, applied across thehexagonal flats 54 that turn the barrel 52 about the rotational axis 21.The flats 54 are formed on the end of the axle 53 and fixed to the cambarrel 52. Therefore, when the axle 53 is rotated, the cam barrel 52rotates, thereby displacing the disks 34 either both toward or both awayfrom the ends of the pin 28, thereby loosening or tightening,respectively. When the cam barrel 52 is in the tightened configuration,the oblong cam barrel 52 goes past its centerline. This locks the unitin position, because a rotational force is required to rotate the cambarrel 52 to the loosened configuration.

FIG. 9 shows another alternative embodiment of the cam locking gridconnector 20 with a body 57 that rotates about a rotational axis 21relative to the fixed inner bodies 56 a and 56 b (see FIGS. 10 a and 10b). The inner bodies 56 a and 56 b are two separate halves of a bodyhaving a circular cylindrical, outwardly-facing, threaded surface thatthreadingly engages the circular cylindrical, inwardly-facing, threadedsurface of the body 57. The pin 55 extends slidably through the centralbore defined by the inner bodies 56 a and 56 b.

The inner bodies 56 a and 56 b are similar in configuration, but withslightly offset threaded surfaces relative to their ends, which haslittle effect when the halves are loose, as in FIG. 10 a. However, theoffset threaded surfaces become a locking feature when the associatedhalves are tightened in their working configuration, because the offsetin the threads relative to their ends causes one of the inner bodies toseat against the lower portion of the threads of the body 57 and theother inner body to seat against the upper portion of the threads of thebody 57 as shown in FIG. 10 b. The locking action occurs when the cam(thread) surfaces are forced in opposing directions when the ends of theinner bodies 56 a and 56 b seat against the inwardly facing lips of thechannel 18 (and similarly with the lips of the assembly 19), therebycreating an internal force within the grid connector 20 with one innerbody pushing in one longitudinal direction and the other inner bodypushing in the opposite longitudinal direction. The internal lockingforce limits the outer body 57 from being loosened from its tightenedcondition unless a significant rotational force is applied to the outerbody 57. When used in conjunction with the mounting rails as describedin relation to the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3, and using the cam(thread) surfaces formed between the two inner bodies to create theforce to compress the channels 18 and assemblies 19 between the heads ofthe inner pin 55 and the ends of the inner bodies 56 a and 56 b, thelocking force required to restrain the mounting grid in the desiredworking position is attained.

FIGS. 10 a and 10 b are provided to further illustrate the internallocking feature of the grid connector 20. There are preferably two innerbody parts 56 a and 56 b, but there could be three, four, five, six ormore inner body parts, that create an offset. While in the loosenedcondition, the inner body parts 56 a and 56 b offer little to noresistance to the rotation of the outer body 57 relative to the innerbody parts 56 a and 56 b. However, once tightened against the inwardlyfacing lips of the mounting rails 18 and 19, the inner bodies 56 a and56 b are forced into opposing directions by seating at their endsagainst a flat surface, thereby locking the cam surfaces of the innerbodies 56 a and 56 b into the inner cam surface 54 of the outer body 57.

The embodiments of FIGS. 4-10 b illustrate various means for connectingthe channels 18, which are mounted to a roof structure, to theassemblies 19, to which PV panels are mounted. The combination of thechannels 19, connectors 20 and assemblies 19 form a foundation to whichPV panels are mounted. According to the description and illustrationsabove, once the foundation is in place, the PV panels are mounted to theassemblies 19. FIGS. 11 a through 15 illustrate advantageous structuresfor mounting PV panels to a foundation that is similar to thatillustrated and described above, but which has some advantages over theassembly 19.

FIGS. 11 a, 11 b and 11 c show an end view of a horizontal mounting rail35 that is preferably used in place of the conventional assembly 19, andillustrates the ability of the new rail 35 to clamp firmly ontodifferent thicknesses of PV panels 10. The mounting rail 35 mounts tothe connectors 20, and thereby the mounting rail 18 described above, toform a foundation for the PV panels. This attachment occurs using thegroove at the bottom of the rail 35, in the orientation of FIG. 11 a,into which is inserted an end of a grid connector 20, such as one of thegrid connectors shown in FIGS. 4-10 b, and tightened as described abovein relation to the assembly 19.

One feature of the FIGS. 11 a-11 c design is a common horizontalmounting rail 35 that is usable among a wide range of PV panel 10thicknesses. Prior art designs require different fasteners or assembliesfor different thicknesses. The design shown in FIGS. 11 a-11 c, however,can be used with various thickness PV panels with the same parts as areshown, due to its features described below.

The horizontal mounting rail 35 has an adjustable clamping member 36that inserts into a channel in the U-shaped base and is adjustablymounted to the base by pivot links as described below in associationwith FIGS. 12 a-12 d. The adjustable top cap 42 mounts into the clampingmember 36 when laterally extending ribs on a lower edge are insertedinto slots formed on opposite sides of a groove formed in the clampingmember 36. The ribs are designed to retain the top cap 42 in theclamping member 36 to form a gap into which the edge of the PV panel ismounted as shown. The top cap 42 can be positioned and repositioned inone or more positions within the slotted adjustable clamping member 36,by simply removing the top cap 42 and inserting its ribs in the desiredslots. Each position forms a different size gap between the downwardlyfacing surfaces of the top cap 42 (in the orientation of FIG. 11 a, band c) and the upwardly facing surfaces of the mounting ledges 35 b. Itis typical that the PV panel is not the exact size of the gap betweenthe mounting ledges 35 b and the top cap 42. Any additional space isreduced by the mechanism described in relation to FIGS. 12 a-12 d below.

FIGS. 11 a-11 c show three pairs of opposing slots 36 a in the slottedadjustable clamping member 36, but a person of ordinary skill willunderstand from this description that the member 36 can have one, two,four, five or even more such slots to vary the number of discrete gapsizes of the PV panel prior to adjustment. Additionally, although twolaterally extending ribs are shown, it is contemplated to use only onesuch rib. Similarly, it is contemplated that a different structure canbe used to mount the top cap to the clamping member 36, including hooks,pins that insert into holes and others in order to provide attachment atdiscrete points.

FIG. 12 a is a view from the bottom of the mounting rail assembly 35with the section view of FIG. 12 b″ ‘cut’ along the longitudinalcenterline A-A of FIG. 12 a to reveal the inner workings of this portionof the invention. As noted in the description of FIGS. 11 a-11 c, thealternative mounting rail assembly 35 includes a mounting base intowhich an adjustable clamping member 36 is inserted and into which a topcap 42 is mounted. As noted, the assembly 35 includes multiple pivotlinks, which are given the reference numerals 37 a, 37 b and 37 c in thedrawings, that are pivotably mounted with linkage pins 41 to both themounting base and the clamping member 36. The pivot link 37 a is active,and the pivot links 37 b and 37 c are passive, and the latter two arepreferably spaced substantially equally along the length of the mountingbase 35, and are preferably parallel to one another. The pivot links 37a-37 c draw the clamping member 36 toward the base to reduce anyremaining gap formed between the cap 42 and the ledges 35 b caused bythe difference in thickness between the gap formed by the insertion ofthe top cap 42 in one of the discretely spaced slots 36 a of theclamping member 36 and the thickness of the PV panel.

The pivot links 37 provide a parallel and uniform clamping force acrossthe assembly's 35 entire length. The clamping force is applied with thefollowing structure. A jack bolt 38 and jack block 39, along with a jackbolt retainer 40 and jack bolt stop collar 105, are disposed at one endof the assembly 35. The pivot link 37 a is pivotably mounted with thelink pins 41 to the clamping member 36 at the upper end, and the jackblock 39 at the lower end. The jack block 39 is slidably mounted in agroove formed in the base, and is threaded to receive the jack bolt 38.The jack bolt 38 is rotatably mounted in the jack bolt retainer 40, andis restrained by the jack bolt stop collar 105. Rotation of the jackbolt 38 applies a linear force to the jack block 39, thereby displacingthe jack block 39 in the slot. This displaces the connected lower leftend of the pivot link 37 a in the same direction along a line. Movementof the left end of the pivot link 37 a displaces the clamping member 36along an arcuate path as the member 36 rotates about the pivot links 37b and 37 c at the same rate along its entire length. For example,tightening rotation of the jack bolt 38 forces the clamping member 36 totighten toward the base over its given permitted range. Reverse rotationof the jack bolt 38 causes a reverse movement. During tightening, alinear force is applied to the active pivot link 37 a, which is directedparallel to the length of the base. This draws the clamping member 36,and its attached top cap 42, toward the base and the integral ledges 35b on which the PV panel rests.

With a PV panel 10 resting on the ledges 35 b formed in the base (asshown in FIGS. 11 a-11 c), the clamping action of the clamping member 36causes the attached top cap 42 to seat against the PV panel 10 in orderto retain the PV panel firmly in place in the now smaller gap betweenthe top cap 42 and the ledges 35 b. It is contemplated that the spacesbetween the slots 36 a and the amount of take-up of the pivot links 37a-37 c are designed with enough overlap in each that the assembly 35provides a parallel and evenly-distributed force that clamps the PVmodule 10 to the mounting surface 35 b for any thickness PV panel withina given range.

FIGS. 13 a and 13 b show two views of another alternative embodiment ofthe mounting rail assembly 19. In this embodiment, a similar jackmechanism is used, but the cam slots 50 (formed in the base) and camfollowers 49 (pins inserted through the clamping member 36 into the camslots 50) are used instead of the pivot links 37 to provide a parallelforce on the clamping member 36 against the installed PV panels 10. Thisexample is provided to show alternate means of accomplishing the sameresults while still following the original concept of the invention asillustrated in FIGS. 12 a through 12 d.

If a longer assembly 35 is desired, there are connection points 35 aformed in at least one end of the assembly 35 to permit the extension ofthe mounting rail assembly's length to accommodate longer installations.FIGS. 14 a, 14 b and 14 c illustrate the ability of this invention to beextended to accommodate longer installations by allowing additionalmounting rail assemblies 35 to be joined to form a single functioningunit. The assemblies are attached in series by connector bars 142 andconnection fasteners 43 at the base and a tensioning joint connectorassembly 51 attached to the clamping member 36. One feature of thisembodiment is the ability to operate multiple sections using a singlejack bolt 38 to operate the entire length of the joined mounting railassemblies 19.

Another feature of this embodiment is the tensioning connector 51 (seeFIG. 14 c) that includes two “floating” connectors 44 and 45 attached tothe clamping member 36 using tension joint fasteners 46. Elongated slotsin the connectors 44 and 45 permit vertical (in the configuration ofFIG. 14 c) movement. The tension joint assembly 51 includes a slide bolt48 and tensioning component, which is preferably a spring 47. Theadjoining assemblies 35 are machined to create a stepped arrangement,which is realized in a clamping member 36 offset that also extends tothe top cap 42 that seats against the PV panel. This offset in theadjoining clamping members 36 allows the clamping member 36 that isfarthest from the jack bolt 38 to tighten against the PV panels 10within its length, thereby compressing the spring 47 to be tightenedprior to the adjoining section while allowing the adjacent section tocontinue tightening to the PV panels 10 over its length. This stair steparrangement continues across the entire width of the PV panel 10 arrayuntil all the connected sections of mounting rail assemblies 35 areuniformly tightened.

FIG. 14 d shows an alternative to the tensioning connector 51 that hasmultiple members forming a pivotal linkage in place of the floatingarrangement described in relation to FIG. 14 c. The tensioning connector51 of FIG. 14 d is connected to the clamping member 36 using tensionjoint fasteners 46. The tension base block 80 is fixed to the clampingmember 36 and the opposing tension attachment end 81 has a slot thatsurrounds, and is thereby attached to, the other tension joint fastener46. The attachment end 81 pulls into position in the slot, and locksagainst the ball detent 82 or similar locking device to preventunintentional removal. As in the illustration of FIG. 14 c, the tensionjoint assembly 51 includes a slide bolt 48 and a tensioning component,which is preferably the spring 47. The slide bolt 48 extends through thespring 47 and through a hole formed in the left end (in theconfiguration shown in FIG. 14 d) of the tension attachment end 81 andis affixed to the tension base block 80, preferably using a threadedconnection. The described joint thus allows the tension base block 80and the tension attachment end 81 to separate under tension load in alinear fashion, thereby applying even forces to the clamping member 36and top cap 42 in relation to the PV modules 10 disposed along thelength of the PV array.

FIG. 15 shows a side view of the horizontal mounting rail assembly 35with the adjustable top cap 42 being inserted into position inside theslotted adjustable clamping member 36. The cap 42 slides in from eitherend, but with slight modification could snap in place using downwardforce. For example, if the laterally extending ribs are formed ofcompressible material or spring-loaded cogs, one can insert the ribsinto the slots 36 a.

A conventional PV module made of a glass-covered PV panel encased on allfour sides with an extruded aluminum frame is illustrated in FIGS. 16 aand 16 b. The extruded aluminum encasement is primarily provided toprotect the PV panel mechanically and is used to mount the panel to aroof structure in its usable orientation. The exterior surfaces aregenerally smooth and provide no method of direct attachment other thanclamping across the extrusion or bolting through the lower leg createdby the extrusion. It is a common practice to secure the PV module invarious ways, such as clamping, bolting and mechanical rail systems asdescribed in relation to the description of FIG. 1.

FIG. 17 shows an improvement to the conventional extruded encasement forPV modules. The frame 100 is conventional in its configuration exceptfor the attachment lips 110 and 112 added thereto, such as by formingopenings in the extrusion mold to form the lips 110 and 112 integralwith the frame 100. The attachment lips 110 and 112 are formed on allfour sides of the PV module when encasement of the sort shown in FIG. 17is used on all four sides. The attachment lip used in conjunction withan improved mounting rail described below forms a hinged-style mountingattachment that makes mounting to the foundation (mounted to the roofstructure, for example) much quicker than conventional systems.

FIGS. 18 a and 18 b illustrate the unique ability of the inventivemounting structure shown in FIG. 17 to simplify and expedite themounting of the common PV array. The same roof structure 1 is shown inFIG. 18 a as is depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2, and in the preferredapplication the attachment to the rafters 2 is made by locating a fulllength mounting channel 18 in line with a rafter 2 and attaching to therafter 2 using a plurality of lag screw assemblies 5. A plurality ofmounting channels 18 are spaced across the roof structure 1 per therequired load calculations. The grid connector 20 of this invention isslid into the mounting channel 18 in quantities to match the connectingjoints created by the crossing grid. Once the grid connectors 20 are inplace, the mounting rail 75 (see FIG. 18 b) is attached longitudinallyacross the roof structure 1 (in place of the assembly 19 describedabove).

In the embodiments of FIGS. 2-15, there are upper and lower mountingrails 18 and 19 at each edge of each row of PV panels 10. In the case ofPV panels at the edge of the array, there is one panel inserted on oneside of a mounting rail assembly 19. In the case of PV panels betweenthe edges, the adjacent PV panels will share a common mounting railassembly 19. As in the case of the apparatus of FIGS. 11 a-15, anadjustable top cap 42 is inserted into the other assembly components toretain the PV panels in the assembly. The mounting rail assemblies 19and 35 are spaced at a distance suited to receive the PV panels 10. Withthe invention illustrated in FIGS. 17-22, there is a modification to howthe PV panels in the array are mounted to the foundation.

As discussed in relation to FIG. 17 above, edges of each PV module 111have lips 110 and 112. The PV module 111 has a standard, commerciallyavailable PV panel affixed with special lips 110 and 112 that create a“hinge half” along one or many of its edges. The PV module 111 may alsobe of a custom nature that has the hinge half built into its frame asshown in FIG. 17, or it can be attached after manufacture as shown inthe embodiments of FIGS. 20-22. As shown in detail in FIG. 18 b, the lip110 is inserted into the hinge slot 126 formed in the hinged mountingrail 75 a when the PV module is held at an angle to the final positionthe module 111 will assume in the useable orientation (as shown in FIG.18 a). The PV module 111 is then pivoted along the arc shown in FIG. 18b until its opposing lip 112 rests upon the second mounting rail 75 b,and the module 111 is thus lowered into its working position.

The opposite lip 112 of the PV module 111 may be affixed with a similarhinge bracket or a fastener of an alternate configuration that supportsthe PV module 111. However, it is preferred that the lip 112 of the PVmodule be fixed to the rail 75 b using conventional fasteners or, mostpreferably, a locking retainer cap 124 as shown in FIG. 19. It isapparent that the retainer cap 124 secures both the attachment lip 110of the PV panel 111, and the opposing attachment lip 112 that is notinserted under a rigid rib on the rail 75 a or 75 b. The PV module 111may hinge from either end or side, and lock from either end or side, andit is preferred that a retainer cap 124 be used on both rails 75 a and75 b to lock the PV panel 111 securely to the foundation.

Referring to FIG. 19, the PV module 111 has been rotated to its workingand locked position. The PV module 111 is locked in position using thelocking retainer cap 124 that prevents the PV module 111 from coming outof its working position. The PV module 111 may also be locked intoposition using various fastener methods that would remain true to thepurpose of the current invention.

FIG. 20 shows a unique encasement that forms an improved PV moduleframe. The added channels formed on the exterior of the frame allow forthe PV module to be mounted by present practices, but also permit theframe to mate with the module attachments 120 and 122 as shown. Themating shapes formed on the module attachments 120 and 122 allows themodule attachments 120 and 122 to mate and slide onto the frameexterior. The use of two opposing and parallel module attachments 120and 122 provides the hinged mounting effect described above inassociation with FIGS. 17-19, but provides this feature as an option tobe attached to a frame that can otherwise be used in a conventionalmanner. The unique attachment allows the PV modules to be mounted ineither a portrait orientation or a landscape orientation as related tothe mounting surface by sliding the module attachment extrusion on theshort sides or the long sides of the PV module.

The FIG. 20 embodiment utilizes a slide-on attachment. In FIGS. 21 and22, alternative embodiments of making the attachment to the module areshown. Both embodiments shown in FIGS. 21 and 22 have a snap-onvariation. The inverted depression defined by the pair of opposing wallsformed in the exterior profile of the FIG. 21 embodiment allows for themodule to be mounted by present practices but primarily is disposed tobe used as the mating section to an add on the module attachments. Theunique profile provided by the module attachment allows the two profilesto mate and snap together in the manner shown on the right side of theFIG. 21 embodiment due to the engaging barbs on the cooperating legs ofthe module attachments. The use of two opposing and parallel moduleattachment extrusions provides the hinged mounting feature described inrelation to the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 17-20. The uniqueattachment method allows the PV modules to be mounted in either aportrait orientation or a landscape orientation, as related to themounting surface, by snapping the module attachment extrusion on theshort sides or the long sides of the PV module.

In FIG. 22 a slight depression is shown formed in the exterior profileto allow the module to be mounted by present practices but primarily tobe used as the mating section to an add-on module attachment. The uniqueprofile provided by the module attachment allows the two profiles tomate and snap together. The use of two opposing and parallel moduleattachment extrusions provides the hinged feature described above. Theunique attachment method allows the PV modules to be mounted in either aportrait orientation or a landscape orientation as related to themounting surface by snapping the module attachment extrusion on theshort sides or the long sides of the PV module.

It should be noted that the complete system as demonstrated herein canbe used in applications unrelated to the demonstrated roof mounting withthe roof mounting channels 18 being substituted with various alternativeconfigurations. For example, if mounted to a wall or to the ground,other substitute foundation fixtures should be used for installation.

It should also be noted that this system is adaptable for future changeswithin a PV array. If the PV panels are changed to a larger or smallerconfiguration, the uniqueness of the mounting system described hereinallows easy removal of the PV module 10 or 111 by loosening the mountingrail assemblies 19, 35 or 75. The grid connectors 20 are then loosened,which allows the mounting rail assemblies to be repositioned on the roofor other structure to suit the size and shape of the new PV panels to beinstalled. Once the mounting rail assemblies are repositioned, the gridconnectors may be retightened. The mounting rail assemblies are thenretightened against the PV panels. The mounting channels 18 do notrequire alteration in most contemplated situations. The repositioningprocess may be repeated whenever needed in the future.

This detailed description in connection with the drawings is intendedprincipally as a description of the presently preferred embodiments ofthe invention, and is not intended to represent the only form in whichthe present invention may be constructed or utilized. The descriptionsets forth the designs, functions, means, and methods of implementingthe invention in connection with the illustrated embodiments. It is tobe understood, however, that the same or equivalent functions andfeatures may be accomplished by different embodiments that are alsointended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the inventionand that various modifications may be adopted without departing from theinvention or scope of the following claims.

1-15. (canceled)
 16. An adjustable panel-clamping apparatus, comprising:(a) a base having a first channel defined by a floor and opposingsidewalls, the base having at least one ledge extending therefrom; (b) aclamping member disposed in the first channel and movably mounted to thebase, the clamping member having a second channel defined by a floor andopposing first and second sidewalls, at least one of the sidewalls ofthe clamping member having at least two spaced slots; (c) a cap with aleg inserted in the second channel, the leg having at least one ribinserted into one of said at least two slots of the clamping member, thecap also having at least one leg extending therefrom, said at least oneleg spaced from said at least one ledge to form a gap therebetween thatis configured to receive a panel edge for clamping the panel edge; and(d) means for applying opposing longitudinal forces to the clampingmember and the base to displace the clamping member relative to the baseand thereby alter the gap's size.
 17. The adjustable panel-clampingapparatus in accordance with claim 16, wherein the clamping member ismovably mounted to the base by at least two links pivotably mounted inthe first channel to the base floor at spaced positions and pivotablymounted to the clamping member at spaced locations.
 18. The adjustablepanel-clamping apparatus in accordance with claim 17, 1 wherein said atleast one rib comprises ribs on opposing sides of the cap leg, and saidat least two slots comprises at least a first pair of opposing slotsformed on the clamping member sidewalls and a second pair of opposingslots formed on the clamping member sidewalls spaced from, andsubstantially parallel to, the first pair of opposing slots.
 19. Anapparatus for attaching an encasement frame mounted to a planar panel toa stable structure, the apparatus comprising: (a) a first attachment lipextending from a first side of the encasement frame; (b) a secondattachment lip extending from an opposing, second side of the encasementframe; (c) a first rail having first and second slots, at least one ofwhich complementarily receives the first attachment lip, the first railmounted to the stable structure; (d) a second rail having third andfourth slots, at least one of which complementarily receives the secondattachment lip, the second rail mounted to the stable structure spacedfrom the first rail; (e) a first cap mounted to the first rail over thefirst and second slots; and (f) a second cap mounted to the second railover the third and fourth slots.
 20. The apparatus in accordance withclaim 19, wherein the first and second attachment lips are integral withthe encasement frame.
 21. The apparatus in accordance with claim 19,wherein the first and second 1 attachment lips are removably mounted tothe encasement frame.
 22. A combination of a connector mounting anadjustable panel-clamping apparatus at a spaced distance from a secondcomponent, the combination comprising: (a) an elongated pin having afirst head and a second head spaced from the first head, the first headbeing wider than at least an adjacent cooperating portion of the pin andthe second head being wider than at least an adjacent cooperatingportion of the pin; and (b) a first body interposed between the firstand second heads having a first surface spaced from the first head todefine a first gap therebetween into which the adjustable panel clampingapparatus is interposed, the first body having a second surface spacedfrom the second head to define a second gap therebetween into which thesecond component is interposed, the adjustable panel-clamping apparatuscomprising: (i) a base having a first channel defined by a floor andopposing sidewalls, the base having at least one ledge extendingtherefrom; (ii) a clamping member disposed in the first channel andmovably mounted to the base, the clamping member having a second channeldefined by a floor and opposing first and second sidewalls, at least oneof the sidewalls of the clamping member having at least two spacedslots; (iii) a cap with a leg inserted in the second channel, the leghaving at least one rib inserted into one of said at least two slots ofthe clamping member, the cap also having at least one leg extendingtherefrom, said at least one leg spaced from said at least one ledge toform a gap therebetween that is configured to receive a panel edge forclamping the panel edge; and (iv) means for applying opposinglongitudinal forces to the clamping member and the base to displace theclamping member relative to the base and thereby alter the gap's size.23-24. (canceled)